Systems and devices for personalized rendering of digital media content

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are disclosed for providing devices capable of the reception and playback of one or more crafted media channels transmitted over an intermittent connection. The one or more channels may be customized by the end user to bias the programming towards individual tastes or moods. The channels may be delivered over an intermittent, unidirectional link, for example a Satellite Radio receiver in a home or car. Content may also be delivered over an intermittent, bidirectional link, for example to a portable media player via a wireless 802.11 or other networked connection.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Utility patent applicationSer. No. 11/923,554, entitled SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR PERSONALIZEDRENDERING OF DIGITAL MEDIA CONTENT, filed Oct. 24, 2007, which claimsthe benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/862,736, entitled “Method and Device forPlayback of Locally-Stored Digital Media Content,” filed on Oct. 24,2006, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/886,283,entitled “Devices and Methods for Distributing Digital Content,” filedon Jan. 23, 2007. This application is also related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/637,300, entitled “Method and Apparatus forDistribution of Digital Content,” filed on Dec. 12, 2006. The contentsof each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference hereinfor all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to methods, systems, and devices forreceiving, storing and playing back digital media files and, moreparticularly, to methods, systems, and devices capable of acquiringdigital media files over wired and wireless communications links thatmay be intermittently connected and potentially subject to noise,interference, or other forms of connectivity disruption.

BACKGROUND

Traditional AM, FM, television, and satellite radio receivers areconfigured to receive real-time broadcasts: i.e., the broadcast isrendered for playback contiguously with the reception of the signal.With the introduction of recording capabilities such as audio tape decksand VCRs, users were enabled to record broadcast content and play itback at their leisure.

More recently, the introduction of recording devices such as digitalvideo recorders (DVRs) allows consumers to more conveniently “timeshift” programming. These devices allow simultaneous recording andplayback, thus enabling features such as the simulation of pausing,rewinding, or fast-forwarding of live television.

Portable media players and media-enabled phones are able to load contentfrom personal computers over wired connections. A few media players andcertain phones are able to load content over wireless networks. A fewportable media players have connectivity to satellite radio systems. Atleast one such portable player also allows the user to record and storecontent from the satellite broadcast as if the device contained anintegrated tape deck. Unfortunately, traditional broadcast mediums suchas television, radio, and even satellite radio tend to offer minimalopportunities for user customization and interactivity. While the numberof channels continues to increase in each of these mediums, the mediumsthemselves fail to accommodate even simple customizations such as“Classic Rock with extra U2, and no Supertramp.”

Moreover, existing portable music players also fail to address the needsof many users that want a professionally programmed listening experienceakin to traditional radio, but want their user specific preferencesadhered to. With these existing devices, the users must acquire theirown content and program their own channels at substantial time, effort,and cost. In addition, existing media players capable of receivingbroadcast transmissions, such as satellite radio receivers used in carsand other portable devices, can be frustrating to use in that temporarylosses in signal result in interruption of the listening experience.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the nature and objects of variousembodiments of the invention, reference should be made to the followingdetailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a portable device and associatedsystem in a mobile application in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a portable device and associatedsystem in a residential or office application in accordance with aspectsof the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a portable device and associatedsystem in a mobile application in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of an object configuration inaccordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a state diagram showing an embodiment of a content playbackimplementation in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a state diagram showing an embodiment of a user interfaceimplementation in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a state diagram showing an embodiment of a wireless connectionimplementation in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a state diagram showing an embodiment of content processing ina unidirectional connection in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a start station processin accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a stop station processin accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a skip logic process inaccordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a next track process inaccordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of an add to sequenceprocess in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a select track processin accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a playback scoringprocess in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a graph of song aging results for an 80's station based on anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a graph of song aging results for a Classic Rock stationbased on an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a graph of song aging results for an Alternative stationbased on an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a graph of track sequence scoring results as a function ofrest for an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 illustrates an allocation of inventory pools for media contentstorage for an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of an add track process inaccordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of an inventory cullprocess in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a graph of duty cycle adaptation for various types ofstations based on an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a delete tracks processin accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 25 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a scan playlists processin accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a save tracks process inaccordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a table illustrating inventory management symbols anddescription based on an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a ban tracks process inaccordance with aspects of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Introduction

Embodiments of a digital media content reception and playback devicethat overcomes many of the shortcomings described previously, as well asothers, is disclosed herein. In one or more embodiments, the digitalmedia content reception and playback device (hereinafter also denotedfor brevity as a “device” or a “player”) is capable of receiving contentover intermittent connections and organizing and sequencing the contentinto a program that leaves a listener with the impression thattraditional programming is being delivered, but which nonethelessaccommodates the listener's specific preferences and may be customizedand tailored dynamically to user preferences. Content may be created,managed, and provided by a content management system including one ormore servers configured to receive user information as well as contentand content requests, store content, manage content, customize content,distribute content via wired or wireless channels, and provide otherrelated management and distribution functions. Such a content managementsystem and any associated servers or other components is also describedherein simply as the “server” for purposes of brevity.

In one embodiment, the device leverages the expertise of professionalcontent programmers that acquire and filter a broad base of relevantcontent and define the rules that determine the mix and sequencing ofcontent to be played on the device. Thus, the user is freed from thedifficult task of acquiring content and creating playlists.

In typical embodiments the device will be configured to filter incomingcontent for transmission errors and discard content that containsartifacts that would be perceived by the user. Thus the ability torender pristine content is preserved even when the device is in areaswith poor or no reception.

In one or more embodiments the device comprises a personal digital audioplayer for use in and out of automotive or other mobile environments.While this embodiment is described hereinafter in terms of audioplayback, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that theinvention is equally applicable to photos, graphics, images, video orother types of multimedia content.

In some embodiments the device may be configured to dock in anautomobile or other vehicle. When the device is docked in an automobile,it may be connected to a satellite antenna that is capable of receivinga unidirectional broadcast of audio content and data.

Additionally, the device may be configured with built-in wired orwireless capabilities using networks such as those based on IEEEstandard 802.11, or other local or wide area networks capable ofproviding connection to wireless networks. Those skilled in the art willreadily appreciate that the invention is not constrained to anyparticular type of network connection or client server configuration.

In some embodiments the device may be configured to dock or otherwiseconnect with home or office based systems such as personal computers orother devices capable of networking, or with home entertainment orsimilar systems.

Additional aspects of the invention are also contemplated as furtherdescribed and illustrated herein.

Operational Overview

Operation with Unidirectional Connectivity

In typical unidirectional embodiments, when the device is operating witha unidirectional connection as it typically is when receiving contentover a satellite link, the device receives content that is broadcast onthe connection, with content typically originating from a server orservers that are part of a content management system. In accordance withone aspect of the invention, the device compares the content against oneor more station profiles and decides whether to keep the content orwhether to discard it. In essence, the device decides if the content isof interest to its user, based on a set of user preferences, and storesthe content of most interest for playback. One aspect of the presentinvention relates to systems and methods for implementing decisionprocesses for selecting, storing, and playing content and is describedin detail in the sections that follow in relation to InventoryManagement.

The process of receiving, analyzing, and caching or discarding contenttypically takes place independently of device playback. The device willcontinuously receive and process incoming content so long as it issufficiently powered and has an operational connection. In typicalembodiments, the device is configured to be capable of simultaneouslyplaying back content from the cache while receiving and processing newcontent into the cache.

Operation with Bidirectional Connection

In typical bidirectional embodiments, when connected to an associatedcontent broadcasting service with a bidirectional connection, the deviceis configured so that it can transmit its preferences to a contentmanagement system so that only content of interest is provided anddownloaded to the device. This is done by either fully or partiallyoffloading the Inventory Management function to the server side of theconnection (where the device is part of the client side).

In a preferred embodiment, the device transmits its station profiles tothe server and receives a prioritized list of content to download. Thedevice downloads the content in priority order. The list is prioritizedso as to maximize the improvement to the device's inventory should theconnection be lost before all tracks are downloaded.

Playback Operations

In typical embodiments, whether or not connected, the device can playthe content in its cache. The cached content may be organized such thatthe device's algorithms can efficiently generate playlists thatapproximate the crafted song sequences created by professional radioprogrammers. Professional radio programmers may be used to support thedevice population by categorizing the content transmitted to the deviceinto stations and station categories. The radio programmers may alsospecify the rules used by the device to sequence the content for a givenstation. This may be done in conjunction with the content managementsystem, with the information being input, stored, processed, and outputby one or more servers or other data storage and distribution elements.

The user may then access these sequences on the device by selecting thestation by name or preset button, similar to the way a user selects astation on a traditional car stereo or satellite radio receiver. Inaddition, however, the user may also be provided with options andselections to customize the station and interact with playback order ina way that is not possible using traditional broadcast receivers.Embodiments of these processes are further described and illustratedbelow.

Playback Features

Because the device may be configured to select the next song forplayback independently of the broadcast stream, each device cancustomize playback order according to the preferences of its owner oruser. For example, some of the unique features of the device that arenot possible with traditional radio receivers may include:

-   -   Ability to skip content. If the user does not like the current        song, they may skip to the next song on the station.    -   Ability to replay content. The user may skip backwards to replay        songs.    -   Ability to pause content. The user may pause the currently        playing track.    -   Random access to content. The user may seek forward or backward        through the content.    -   Ability to ban content. If the user does not like a particular        song, artist, or other content characteristic (composer,        commentator, etc.) they may ban the content from the device.        Content matching the banned characteristics will no longer be        played on the device.    -   Ability to save favorites. If the user hears a song they like,        they may save it as a favorite. Favorites can be stored in a        special folder or playlist for future access.    -   Ability to bias station playback towards certain content. The        user may adjust station knobs or “sliders” to bias the track        selection towards songs with certain attributes. Examples of        station slider controls include (but are not limited to):        -   Newer            Older        -   Harder            Softer        -   Popular            Obscure        -   Favorite            Non-Favorite    -   Ability to create user tailored stations. While most stations        can be created by professional radio programmers, users that are        so inclined can create their own stations using these same tools        or variants thereof    -   Very large station catalog. While a limited number of stations        are supported through the unidirectional channel, users that        update their players via bidirectional channels can have access        to a very large catalog of stations. Potentially, this catalog        can contain stations created by the user community as well as        stations created by programming professionals. This can also        include content published by Really Simple Syndication (RSS)        including audio-blogs or “podcasts.”    -   Other unique features and functions are also contemplated as        further described herein.

Physical Architecture

Attention is now directed to FIGS. 1-3, which depict the physicalarchitecture of embodiments of aspects of the invention in a variety ofcontexts. Specifically, FIGS. 1 and 2 provide representations ofembodiments of systems in accordance with the invention in cases wherethe digital media playback device is docked within an automobile and ina home location, respectively. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, oneembodiment of a system 100 may include a portable device 110 connectedto a car dock 130, wherein the car dock 130 may include the capabilityof receiving and/or sending content to a content management system 160through a radio service 150. This connection will typically be via awireless connection using systems based on satellite communicationand/or wireless networks such as those based on IEEE 802.11 standards(Wi-Fi) or other local or wide area networking standards. As shown inFIG. 1, the docking may include standard interfaces between the portabledevice 110 and the dock 130 such as USB, or may be based on proprietaryinterfaces.

FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a system 200 configured for home,office, or business use of portable device 110. System 200 may includeconnection through a home dock 230 and/or via other connection methodssuch as through a home or office networking device 220, a PC 250, homeAN equipment 260, or via other connections configured to sendinformation and receive content from a content management system 160.

FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a system 300 wherein portabledevice 110 is used as a mobile or portable device in conjunction with awireless network connection 220, such as a router or other networkingdevice based on IEEE standard 802.11 or other local or wide areanetworking standards. A typical portable system 300 will include alistening device (headphone, ear buds, etc.) 310 allowing the user tomove about and isolate audio content from the environment if desired.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to realizea wide range of additional embodiments of systems in accordance with theinvention using a variety of hardware platforms as well as hardware,software, and network configurations.

Software/Firmware Architecture

Aspects of the present invention are related to playback and contentmanagement on the device. Before describing embodiments of algorithmsused for playback sequencing and inventory management, a set of coreobjects used in a preferred embodiment are described below andillustrated in FIG. 4. It is noted that the object-oriented architecturedescribed below is not unique and other objects and associated objectconfigurations may also be used in keeping within the spirit and scopeof the invention.

PlayerContext—The parent object that implements the overall playerbehavior.

Station—As described herein, a Station is a content channel analogous toa terrestrial radio station. The user may store one or more favoritestations as ‘presets’ on the device to optimize their ability to accessthe channel. The user will have access to the broader catalog of allavailable Stations through the device. The Station holds thesettings/customizations that are used to bias the content cached orplayed on the station (sliders) as well as the engine used to sequencethe Station's content (Clock).

StationProfile—As described herein, a StationProfile is a definition ofthe rules and settings used to assemble a station. A set ofStationProfiles is loaded onto the device. Some settings in theStationProfile may be customized by the device user. Such customizationmay involve, for example, setting sliders in accordance with userpreferences. In one embodiment the station profile includes the currentbiases (as set by sliders) towards selecting content based onPopularity, Energy (hard/smooth), Favorites, and Age. Providing asetting to control whether or not certain types of content will bepermitted to be played enables an alternate form of customization to beeffected.

StationProfiles for a core set of stations are typically created andmaintained by professional radio programmers. These station profiles maybe transmitted on either the bidirectional or unidirectional links toupdate the profiles in the device from time to time.

Optionally, users may create their own custom station profiles(typically using an application external to the device, such as a webbased application, but devices may also be configured to allow users tocreate simple stations on the device through user interfaces). Theseprofiles would typically be loaded and provisioned through thebidirectional connection. A StationProfile includes the definition ofthe Clock and the Buckets that comprise the Clock that will be used onthe device.

The StationProfile may be thought of as a set of rules or instructionsfor creating a station or a serialization of the Station and itsassociated objects. In one embodiment, the StationProfile is an XMLdocument. In an alternative embodiment, the StationProfile is a morecompact binary format with a corresponding parsing schema. Otherembodiments of StationProfiles based on any of a variety of dataformatting and storage methods may also be used.

Clock—As described herein, a Clock is utilized in sequencing content. Inone embodiment content for a station is categorized. For example, songsthat are the current hits and are getting the most airplay might becategorized as ‘Current’ songs. Content that was formerly a Currentsong, but is fading in popularity might be categorized as ‘Recurrent.’Content that is introduced for variety might be categorized as‘Library.’

The Clock is an ordered list of these categories (called Buckets) usedto create a song sequence. To create a sequence, a song is chosen fromthe first Bucket in the Clock, followed by the second Bucket and so onuntil the last Bucket is reached, whereupon sequencing continues byreturning to the first Bucket. In practice, the creator of a Station maydefine as many Buckets as desired and sequence them as they see fit.

Bucket—As described herein, a Bucket is a category of content used inClock sequencing as described above. In typical embodiments two types ofbuckets, SongBuckets and RuleBuckets are utilized. SongBuckets arebuckets for which songs are explicitly categorized. That is, a BucketIdattribute is associated with the song (i.e., by a content programmer)that categorizes the song explicitly into the Bucket with that matchingidentifier.

RuleBuckets categorize content by scoring one or more attributes of thesong against the Bucket's rules. For example, a RuleBucket might selectcontent that is ‘older than 1975’ and ‘in the Hard Rock genre.’

A further specialization of the SongBucket is the HeavyRotation bucket.A HeavyRotation bucket is a bucket whose songs are designed to repeat ata given rate. Most buckets will implement logic to avoid the repetitionof songs to ensure variety. HeavyRotation buckets contain the ‘new, hot’songs that are desirable to repeat so long as they are still ‘new andhot.’

Header—As described herein, a Header is content metadata that is used todescribe the attributes of the content/song. A Bucket manages itsinventory by maintaining a list of Headers. Set forth below is a tablecontaining the type of information included within an exemplary Headerof a given media file.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Header Information SOF 0xAA55AA55 4 byte Number ofNumber of frames comprising the music 2 byte Frames file and includingthe header(s) Data bytes in Number of data bytes in the last frame 1byte last frame Opcode 0x0 - Data 1 byte Version The version number ofthis header format 1 byte Format Flags 0x01 = Display as Classical Track1 byte 0x02 = Multipart 0x04 = Can Overlay Ads 0x08 = Can OverlayInformation SongId The Song Id used for song separation 4 byte rulesunsigned integer PerformanceId The Id of the performance used for 4 bytecontent management unsigned integer LicensorId The Id of the contentowner (i.e. record 4 byte label) unsigned integer Song Name The lengthin bytes of the song name 2 byte short Length that follows integer SongName UTF-8 encoded song name Song Name Length bytes ArtistId The Id ofthe featured artist 4 byte unsigned integer Artist Name The length inbytes of the artist name 2 byte short Length that follows integer ArtistName UTF-8 encoded artist name Artist Name Length bytes Composer NameThe length in bytes of the composer 2 byte short Length name thatfollows integer Composer Name UTF-8 encoded composer name Composer NameLength bytes AlbumId The Id of the album associated with the 4 bytetrack unsigned integer Album Name The length in bytes of the album name2 byte short Length that follows integer Album Name UTF-8 encoded albumname Album Name Length bytes Release Year The year of the originalrelease of the 2 byte short song integer Popularity Relative measure ofsong popularity 2 byte short integer' Style Length Number of Style,StyleFit pairs to follow Byte Style Id of a style associated with this song 2byte short integer Style Fit Relative strength of style association 2byte short integer Additional Style, Style Fit pairs Bucket LengthNumber of Bucket, Date pairs to follow Byte Bucket Id of a radioprogramming bucket 2 byte short integer Date Date the song wasprogrammed into the 4 byte bucket as seconds since Jan. 1, 1970 unsignedinteger Additional Bucket, Date pairs Energy −1 or 0-4 valuerepresenting energy Byte level of the track Multipart Length Number ofOffset, Type, Name triples Byte to follow Offset Multipart offset 4 byteunsigned integer Offset Type 0 = Audio Chapter 1 = Play Once Intro 2 =Play Always Intro 3 = Play Once Outtro 4 = Play Always Outtro 5 = AlbumArt [if not in mp4 container] Part Name Length in bytes offset name tofollow 2 byte short Length integer Part Name UTF-8 encoded part name(for audio chapters only) Additional parts Padding or Piggyback data tofill frame CRC CRC checksum on the frame contents 4 bytes

Attribute—As described herein, an Attribute is a logical name/value pairembodying a fact or piece of metadata about the content. The Headerstores Attributes. For efficiency of transmission and storage,attributes may be stored in a fixed layout in the Header or stored asId, Value pairs or ClassId, Id, Value triples. In the latter case,ClassId serves to specify the identifier namespace for Id so thatmultiple, overlapping identifier spaces can be used.

Rule—As described herein, Rules serve to combine Attributes and otherderived information (for example, the last time the track was played) inorder to form scores. Scores are ultimately used to determine playbackorder and priority during inventory management. Specializations of Rulesinclude SequenceRules for scoring Headers based on the history ofmatching artists, albums, or tracks in the Sequence; AttributeRules forscoring Headers based on attribute matching; as well as RuleSets forcombining a set of Rules into a single score. Other specializations ofRules may also be used.

RuleSet—As described herein, a RuleSet executes a set of rules andcombines their scores in a specific way. There are specialized RuleSetsfor combining SequenceRules into sequence scores (SequenceRuleSet) andfor combining AttributeRules into attribute scores (AttributeRuleSet).

MediaFile—As described herein, a MediaFile is the content actuallyrendered by the media player to affect playback of the content.

Sequence—As described herein, a Sequence is the list of content alreadyplayed and in the queue to be played. The Sequence is examined toimplement rules to limit repetition.

SequenceElement—As described herein, a Sequence Element is an elementstored in a Sequence. Binds a Header with the timestamp when it wasplayed for use with time-based SequenceRules.

FIG. 4 is a UML diagram showing an exemplary aggregation of the coreobjects described above.

Processing States

State transition diagrams of embodiments of the device as shown in FIGS.5-8 illustrate high-level functional behavior and provide a roadmap forthe detailed descriptions that follow. In typical embodiments the devicewill have separate threads of control running simultaneously undercontrol of an operating system that handles thread and/or processscheduling. Thus, in typical embodiments the operations associated withthe state diagrams will be operating simultaneously in their owncontexts.

In the description that follows embodiments of state diagrams asillustrated in the associated figures are described. The programexecution associated with the various state diagrams are typicallyimplemented on one or more modules within the device, such modulestypically including computer hardware, software, firmware and/orcombinations of these elements. The computer software is typicallystored on a computer readable medium such as memory and includesinstructions configured to be executed by one or more processors. It isnoted that, while the operations associated with the figures includeevents and states shown in the figures and described in the associatedwritten description, it is apparent that other events and statesincluding fewer, more, or different events and/or states than thoseshown in the figures are within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the state diagrams shown in the followingfigures are provided for purposes of illustration, not limitation.

Player States

Attention is now directed to FIG. 5, which illustrated an embodiment ofa state diagram 500 representative of the processing states and eventsrelated to device playback of stored media files. These processingstates are described in detail as applicable. An overview is as follows:

-   -   Playing—The device renders content by transferring audio or        other data from the current track to the decoder. The decoder        decodes the data and sends the raw digital audio or other        content to a digital to analog converter (DAC) or other output        device such as a display, and to the device's audio amplifiers        and line outputs.    -   Stopped—The device is not rendering content. The previous        Playing sub-state may be preserved so that a return to the        Playing state resumes where it left off    -   Next Track—The device determines the next track to render. A new        file/track is selected for rendering and control returns to the        Playing state.

As shown in FIG. 5, process execution may first begin in aninitialization state 510. Execution may then transition to a stoppedstate 520, wherein execution is stopped pending user input or otherexecution initialization. Upon receipt of a Play instruction or otherinput operation execution transitions to a Playing state 530 whereinplayback of content such as audio files/tracks (MP3s, WMAs, etc.) isperformed (i.e. the track is played/rendered on the device). A user maybe able to provide input to direct execution of the device to Skip atrack, or the track or file may end, wherein a Next Track state isentered, with execution proceeding to determine a new track to be playedand then return execution to the Playing state 530. A user and/or otherinput may also be enabled to enter a Stop instruction wherein deviceexecution transfers from Playing state 530 to Stopped State 520.

User Interface Handling States

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a state diagram 600 showing some ofthe states used in an implementation of a state machine providing adevice user interface. An associated event processing table is shownbelow in Table 2. Additional states/functions that may be peripheral arenot shown for purposes of clarity. After turn-on at state 610, executionproceeds to an initialization phase at state 620, where the applicationregisters event handlers for the various input devices and other eventsgenerated by the device. Execution then proceeds to a Wait state 630.When an event is received, the handler is dispatched at state 640. Theevent handler may create a new thread to handle the event or place theevent in the queue of an existing thread. Table 2 below furtherillustrates state and event processing of one embodiment of theinvention.

TABLE 2 Event Processing State Event Handling New State Stopped PlaySend “Play” event to Player thread. Playing Update display for Playingstate. Playing Stop Send “Stop” event to Player thread. Stopped Updatedisplay for Stopped state. Playing Skip Skip handling. See Skip PlayingPlaying Ban Ban handling. See Banning ing Playing Tracks ProcessingPlaying Save Save handling. See Saving Favorites Playing Processing *Station Slider Update the corresponding slider Unchanged Update settingsfor the current stations. See <insert reference> Playing Progress Updatetrack progress indicator Playing Playing NewTrack Update display withcurrent track Playing info * NewChannel Stop Player, change channel,Playing update display, Start Player * * Update the display with currentUnchanged, UI view Changes UI Sub-statesWireless (Bidirectional) Processing States

State diagram 700 of FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of a set ofprocessing states and events relating to connection of the device towireless networks and to updating of media file content stored by thedevice via such networks. Once initialized at state 710, deviceexecution may proceed to a Not Connected Idle state 740. When the deviceis not connected to a wireless network, the thread may be configured towait for an event to trigger a connection, for example a timer expiringor an explicit request by the user to connect. Power management may alsoaffect this logic. From this state, execution may proceed to a Scanningstate 720 where potential connections may be detected. A time out mayalso be applied allowing execution to return to the Not Connected Idlestate 740 after a predetermined period. If a connection is establishedexecution may proceed to state 730, where a networking update may beperformed based on desired network utilization. For example, if theconnection succeeds, an update exchange sending information and/orreceiving content with the content management system and/or anyassociated servers may be executed. If the update completes beforedisconnection of the device, the device may enter the Connected Idlestate 750 and wait for triggers to initiate an additional update atstate 730. Upon disconnection based on, for example, timeouts, userrequests to disconnect, or other events, execution may be returned toNot Connected Idle state 740.

Antenna Processing States

FIG. 8 is a state diagram 800 illustrating an embodiment of variousprocessing states related to the processing of content in the case ofunidirectional connections to a source of content. In one embodimentsuch a unidirectional connection is established between the playbackdevice and a satellite-based delivery system through an Antenna Unit(AU) capable of being operatively connected to the playback device. TheAntenna Unit is responsible for receiving tracks and data over theunidirectional (satellite) connection and creating regular files fromthe received signal.

In a preferred embodiment, the AU is implemented as a docking stationthat the device plugs into, for example, when the device is in a car. Asshown in FIG. 8, after initialization at state 810, execution mayproceed to a Not Connected Idle state 820. The device thread may remainin the idle state until it detects that it has been connected to the AUby, for example, a user request or AU trigger event. The device and theAU may then perform a secure handshake at Player/AU Handshake state 830to authenticate one another and pass decryption keys or otherinformation. In the event of authentication failure, the device mayreturn to Not Connected Idle state 820 to repeat the process.

Once authenticated, thread execution may proceed to a Connected Idlestate 840. In this state a Data Available trigger event may transitionexecution to an Update Data state 850 wherein a data file or files maybe provided, after which execution may be returned to Connected Idlestate 840. Likewise, track or other content availability may be signaledby a Track Available Trigger to transfer execution to Add Track state860. In this state tracks or other content may be added, with executionthen returned to Connected Idle state 840. The Connected Idle state mayalso allow for a transition to Not Connected Idle state 820 based on adisconnection signaled triggered by a user input, timeout, or otherevent.

Playback Processing

Playback processing concerns the implementation of various processesthat are related to the User Interface and Player State Diagramspreviously described. In the description that follows embodiments ofprocesses as illustrated in the associated figures are described. Theseprocesses are typically implemented on one or more modules within thedevice, such modules typically including computer hardware, software,firmware and/or combinations of these elements.

The computer software is typically stored on a computer readable mediumsuch as memory and includes instructions configured to be executed byone or more processors. It is noted that, while the processes associatedwith the figures include particular stages shown in the figures anddescribed in the associated written description, it is apparent thatother processes including fewer, more, or different stages than thoseshown in the figures are within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the processes shown in the following figures areprovided for purposes of illustration, not limitation.

Start Station

Attention is now directed to FIG. 9, which is a flowchart 900representative of one embodiment of a Start Station process inaccordance with aspects of the invention. Stations may generate thesequence of content to be played one or more items ahead. This allowsthe player to more efficiently pipeline content into the decoders. Itmay also allow for potentially faster skip operations as well asdisplaying to the user a song or songs that are to come in the playbacksequence.

As shown in FIG. 9, execution may begin with a Start Stationinitialization stage 910 wherein a user may select a particular stationfor execution or a station for execution may otherwise be selected.Stage 920 may then determine whether the desired station is the currentstation. If it is, the station selection process may be concluded bytransitioning to stage 970. Alternately, if the desired station is notthe current station, stage 930 may determine whether a current stationis playing. If a station is playing, it is stopped at stage 950 (animplementation of this stage is further shown starting at stage 1010 asshown in FIG. 10), and execution transferred to Start Player stage 960.Alternately, if a current station is not playing as determined at stage930, Start Player stage 960 may be directly executed. Playback/renderingof audio tracks and/or other content are then initiated at Start Playerstage 960, after which execution of the Start Station process iscompleted at stage 970.

Stop Station

Referring now to FIG. 10, a flowchart 1000 representative of oneembodiment of a Stop Station process in accordance with aspects of theinvention is shown. Stop station execution begins at stage 1010, withexecution transferring to Stop Player stage 1020 wherein stationplayback/rendering is halted. The portion of the sequence pre-generatedfor future playback may be truncated at stage 1030. The stop stationprocess is then completed at stage 1040.

Skip

Skip handling is typically triggered by a user interface request to skipthe current track. In typical embodiments, the device will allow usersto skip certain tracks. However, the device logic must enforce certainbusiness rules such as only allowing users with a specific tier ofservice to skip tracks, applying certain limits on the number of skips,or preventing users from skipping certain content such asadvertisements.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a flowchart 1100 representative of oneembodiment of a Skip process in accordance with aspects of the inventionis illustrated. As shown in FIG. 11, a skip process is typicallyinitiated at stage 1110, such as by a user request. Execution proceedsto stage 1120, where a determination is made as to whether the track canbe skipped (i.e. whether the track is “skippable”). Tracks may not beskippable based on user service limitations, content limitations, DMCAor other statutory requirements, or for other reasons. If a track is notskippable, a Can't Skip Dialog may be presented at stage 1140 providinga display, audible indication, or other indication that the track cannotbe skipped, after which execution of the skip process is completed atstage 1160. Alternately, if a track is skippable, a second test may beapplied at stage 1130 to determine whether the particular user's serviceallows skipping the track. This may be based on reasons such as thosedescribed above, as well as others such as the number of tracks skippedpreviously and the like. If the user is not allowed to skip theparticular track a Not Allowed Dialog 1150 stage, providing a display,audible indication, or other indication that the track cannot beskipped, may be executed, with execution of the skip process thencompleted at stage 1160.

Alternately, if the track is both skippable and the user is allowed toskip the track, playback of the track may be skipped by transferringexecution from stage 1130 to a next track stage 1170 wherein the nextplayable track may then be played/rendered (an implementation of thenext track stage is further shown starting at stage 1210 as shown inFIG. 12).

Next Track

Turning now to FIG. 12, a flowchart 1200 representative of oneembodiment of a Next Track process in accordance with aspects of theinvention is provided. The device triggers Next Track processing when itneeds a new track to play. This logic pre-generates the sequence “highwater” tracks ahead whenever the sequence falls to “low water” tracksinto the future. More specifically, Next Track processing may begin atstage 1210 wherein execution proceeds to a test stage 1220 wherein thepre-generated sequence is tested to see whether the sequence has fallenbelow a low water mark. If the sequence has not reached a low water markthe Next Track process is completed at stage 1240 where the next trackin the sequence is returned for playback/rending. Alternately, if thepre-generated sequence has reached a low water mark, new content may beadded to the sequence at stage 1230 (an implementation of an add tosequence stage is further shown starting at stage 1310 as shown in FIG.13) and then the sequence is again tested at stage 1235 to see if thetrack content has risen above a high water mark. If it has not,execution is returned to stage 1230 where another track is added to thesequence and the sequence is again tested at stage 1235. Once thesequence has risen above the high water mark execution is completed atstage 1240 with the next track in the sequence returned forplayback/rendering.

Add To Sequence

Adding a track to a sequence is a core process in the playbackprocessing logic. In a typical embodiment, this logic is driven by aclock object that orchestrates buckets to select the next track. Asdescribed previously and further detailed below, clocks are ordered,sequential, and cyclical lists of buckets. However, there are twospecial cases of clocks worth noting for alternate embodiments: aDynamic Clock dynamically chooses the next bucket based on specialpurpose bucket sequencing logic, and a Trivial Clock contains a singlebucket from which the next track is always chosen.

By scoring semantics convention, the Clock allows buckets toprovisionally decline to return a track. If the track returned by aBucket Selection process scores less than 0.0 (i.e., by convention is anundesirable track), the bucket is skipped. However, if all bucketsreturn tracks that score less than 0.0, the highest scoring track(denoted as the Best Worst Track) is returned.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart 1300 depicting one embodiment of an Add toSequence process further depicting this process. As shown in FIG. 13, anAdd to Sequence process may begin at a start stage 1310, with executionproceeding to stage 1320 where the bucket at the index of the clock forthe current station is examined. A track is selected from the bucket atstage 1330 (an implementation of a select track from bucket stage isfurther shown starting at stage 1410 as shown in FIG. 14), and the indexis incremented at stage 1340. The index is tested at stage 1350 todetermine if it is greater than the number of buckets. If it is, theindex is then reset to 0 at stage 1355, with execution then proceedingto stage 1360. Alternately, if the index is less than the number ofbuckets execution proceeds to stage 1360 where the track score istested. If the track score as tested at stage 1360 is greater than zero,the track is added to the sequence at stage 1364 and the add to sequenceprocess is completed. Alternately, if the track score is less than orequal to zero the track score is tested against the best worst score atstage 1366. If the track score is greater than the best worst trackscore the tested track is then assigned to the best worst track.Otherwise, execution proceeds to step 1370 where examination of thenumber of buckets tested is done. If all buckets have not been tested,execution is returned to stage 1320 where the process is repeated.Alternately, if all buckets have been tested and no track has been addedto the sequence at stage 1364, the best worst track is added to thesequence at stage 1380 and execution of the Add to Sequence process iscompleted.

Select Track from Bucket

Select Track from Bucket is a process by which the best track isselected from a bucket. Selection involves scanning the bucket for thebest scoring track. There are obvious performance optimization schemesfor scanning an entire bucket for the best scoring track; however themaximum size of a bucket is typically assumed to be small enough thatthese are likely to be of small benefit, and therefore a simplifiedprocess 1400 as shown in FIG. 14 is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 14,the Select Track from Bucket process begins at a start stage 1410, withexecution proceeding to stage 1420 where the next track in the bucket isexamined. A track playback score may then be calculated at stage 1430(an implementation of a playback scoring stage is further shown startingat stage 1510 as shown in FIG. 15) and this playback score may then becompared to a Best Track score at stage 1440. If the current track scoreis greater than the Best Track score, the current track is set to theBest Track at stage 1445, and execution is returned to stage 1450.Alternately, if the current track scores lower than the Best Track atstage 1440 execution may proceed to stage 1450 where a determination ofremaining tracks in the bucket is made. If there are remaining tracks inthe bucket execution returns to stage 1420 where the process may then berepeated. If there are no remaining tracks in the bucket, executionproceeds to stage 1460 where the identified Best Track isreturned/selected.

When there are significant differences in the quality of tracksavailable to be selected, that is, the available tracks have a widerange of scores, it is desirable to choose the best track. In typicalembodiments, it is generally considered a bad idea to ‘ration’ the besttracks by mixing in poorer tracks; however, such an approach may beemployed in some embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, front-loadingthe sequence with the best tracks is considered preferable for at leastthe following reasons:

-   -   1. Additional good tracks may be received before the next bucket        selection.    -   2. The user may end the session or switch to a different channel        at any time.    -   3. The scores of tracks change as the session progresses and        previously played ‘good’ tracks become sufficiently rested to be        repeated.

It is also considered desirable that the scoring methodology not be sorigid that the sequence becomes deterministic or is perceived as such bythe user. For this reason, a random ‘noise’ component may be added tothe scores to reduce the likelihood of this perception. It is noted thatthe description of certain preferred embodiments defines certainconventions for scoring. These are designed to create semanticrelationships between the scores by defining conventions relating to themeaning of the scores. It will, however, be apparent to those skilled inthe art that other scoring conventions are possible assuming theypreserve a consistent interchange between the different score types.

For instance, one example of a useful semantic relationship consistentwith the invention involves the relationship between minimum and targetrest to content fit. In particular, when a track has already beenplayed, it may be “rested” for a certain minimum number of plays (i.e.,a “minimum rest” period) before becoming eligible to be played again.Upon expiration of a “target rest” period, the track is deemed to besufficiently “rested” to be nearly as eligible for playback as a trackthat has never been played. Content fit determines how well a trackmatches the ideal track and is typically a function of the sliders inSongBuckets or a combination of the slider scores and the rule scores inRuleBuckets.

Continuing with this example, a balance between content fit andsequencing rules like “rest” may be achieved by defining a convention(i.e., a semantic relationship) applicable to the meaning of the scores.In general, a content fit score of 1.0 may be used to define a perfectfit. A sequence score of −1.0 or less means the track is not eligiblefor play, as does a combined score of 0.0. Relating this convention torest, a track gets a large negative sequence score after having beenjust been played. This decays to −1.0 as the rest approaches target andfurther decays toward 0.0 as the rest exceeds the target.

Playback Scoring

Attention is now directed to FIG. 15, which is a flowchart 1500depicting one embodiment of a Playback Scoring process in accordancewith the invention. When scoring the tracks in a bucket to determineBucket Selection, it may be desirable to look at the fit of the track tothe bucket, the fit of the track to the current slider settings, and howwell the track obeys the sequencing rules relative to the history oftracks that have already been played or are queued for playback. Inaddition, a large negative score may be assigned to tracks that havebeen banned at either the performance or artist level. An overview ofthe process shown in FIG. 15 is provided below, followed by additionaldetails of aspects of scoring.

As shown in FIG. 15, a Playback Score process may begin at start stage1510 with execution proceeding to stage 1515 where score is assigned acalculated Bucket Fit Score. The Bucket is next tested to determine ifit has sliders for user customization at stage 1520. If it does, aslider score is calculated at stage 1530. At stage 1532 the track istested for simple Boolean membership. If it does not have simple Booleanmeasurement, the track score is assigned the average of the fit andslider scores at stage 1540. If it does, the track is tested todetermine if it is a bucket member. If it is a bucket member the scoreis assigned the value of the slider score at stage 1542. Alternately, ifit is not a bucket member, the score is assigned a value of zero atstage 1544. Following stages based on whether the bucket has a slider,execution resumes at stage 1550 where the track is tested for banning.If the track is banned it is assigned a very low score (for example,−10) at stage 1555. If it is not banned a sequence score is calculatedat stage 1560, a noise score is calculated at stage 1565, and the score,sequence score, and noise score are returned/provided to other stages atstage 1570. Additional details and features related to FIG. 15 arefurther described below.

Bucket ‘Fit’ Score

The Bucket Fit score determines how well the track fits the category ofthe Bucket. In a typical embodiment, for SongBuckets, all songs assignedto the bucket score a perfect value of 1.0. All songs not assigned tothe Bucket score the minimum value of 0.0. This is also denoted hereinas a ‘Boolean’ membership. For RuleBuckets, the fit score is the resultof executing the AttributeRules against the song attributes. The fitscore for RuleBuckets, by convention, is a score between 0.0 (worst fit,not in Bucket) to 1.0 (best possible fit).

Slider Score

Slider Rules allow the user to customize the station. When appliedduring sequencing, they bias track selection towards tracks with certainattributes. When applied during Inventory Management (as discussed insuccessive sections), they bias the addition of new tracks towardstracks with certain attributes. As the name implies, Slider Rules may beconceptually or actually connected to sliders or knobs in the UserInterface. Exemplary slider implementations are further described in therelated applications incorporated herein by reference. In particular,U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/886,283 describesexemplary embodiments of such sliders.

In typical embodiments Sliders are associated with a Station, althoughthe effects of the slider may differ depending on the type of Bucket.The following exemplary sliders bias track selection in a preferredembodiment:

-   -   Newer        Older    -   Harder        Softer    -   Popular        Obscure    -   Favorite        Non-Favorite        Slider Attributes

By convention, slider attributes are defined as either ‘Raw’ or‘Cooked.’ A ‘Raw’ slider attribute contains an actual value, typicallyassociated with the attribute. For example, AlbumReleaseYear is a Rawslider attribute that contains a value based on release date betweenapproximately 1950 and 2006.

Cooked slider attributes return a value between (by convention) −1.0 and1.0. For example, a Popularity Cooked slider attribute is shown below inTable 3.

TABLE 3 Embodiments of Slider Attributes Cooked Slider PopularityAttribute Value Extremely popular, smash hit 1.0 Very popular 0.75 Wellknown 0.50 Somewhat known, not quite obscure 0.0 Not well known, deep,obscure −1.0

Raw slider attributes may be converted into cooked slider attributes byresealing them using a Resealing Rule that includes a Min, Max, andMedian parameter. This allows, for example, for an 80's radio station todefine ‘newer’ as 1989 and ‘older’ as 1980, with 1985 as ‘median’ (theterm median is used herein not in the strict mathematical sense, but todenote a value that should map to the center of the slider range—thatis, a value that is neither ‘old’ or ‘new’ for the given station). For asimple linear interpolation (allowing the Median to not be centeredbetween Max and MM) we have:

For raw sliders values v where v>Median:v′=(v−Median)/(Max−Median)

For raw slider values v where v<Medianv′=(v−Median)/(Median−Min)

This puts the −1.0 score on Min, the 0.0 score on Median, and the 1.0score on Max, with a linear interpolation for values between thesepoints. However, a linear interpolation does not account for outlyingdata points beyond Min and Max. Such points will exceed the −1.0.1.0convention or will cease to be differentiated if capped. In someembodiments, a better way of cooking sliders during resealing may be toapply an exponential decay function such that the cooked scores decaytowards 1.0 as the raw score increases from the Median towards the Max.Symmetrically, scores decay towards −1.0 as the raw score decreases fromthe mean toward the min.

For values>=Median:v′=1.0−e ^(−λv)

And for values<Median:v′=−1.0+e ^(−λ′v)

As shown here, v represents the raw slider value and v′ is the cookedslider value. λ is the decay constant that controls the speed of decay.We can determine a suitable value for λ by determining how close we wantthe score to be to 1.0/−1.0 for values of Max and Min. We can determinethis in terms of how many half-lives of decay should remain at theMax/Min. For example, 3 half-lives is a decay of 0.5+0.25+0.125=0.875leaving a residual decay of 0.125 for scores that out lie the max.t _(1/2)=(Max−Median)/n _(half-lives)

Half-life is related to λ as follows:

$t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln(2)}{\lambda}$

Re-arranging for λ:

$\lambda = \frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}$

Substituting into the above we have:

$\lambda = \frac{\ln(2)}{\left( {{Max} - {Median}} \right)/3}$

Similarly:

$\lambda^{\prime} = \frac{\ln(2)}{\left( {{Median} - {Min}} \right)/3}$

FIGS. 16-18 are plots of age versus score profile for severalembodiments of representative stations generated using the aboveequations. FIG. 16 shows a plot 1600 illustrating age scoring for an“80's” station characterized by the following parameters: Min=1980,Median=1985, Max=1989. Similarly, FIG. 17 shows a plot 1700 generatedfor a “Classic Rock” station characterized by the parameters ofMin=1960, Median=1977, Max=1995. Finally, FIG. 18 shows a plot 1800 foran “Alternative” station characterized by the parameters of Min=1975,Median=2000, Max=2006.

Slider Scoring Rule

Once the slider attribute is ‘Cooked’, that is, converted to a standardrange (−1.0 . . . 1.0 by convention), it can be converted into a sliderscore using the default slider scoring rule:Score=1.0−(SliderWeight/2.0)+((CookedAttributeValue*SliderWeight)/2.0)A more generalized version of this formula is:Score=MaxScore−(DynamicRange/2.0)+((NormScore*DynamicRange)/2.0)Where MaxScore is the maximum possible score. DynamicRange is themaximum delta from MaxScore, such that MinScore=MaxScore−DynamicRange.NormScore is a normalized score in the range of −1.0 to 1.0. Certainproperties of this formula make it desirable for a slider application.These include:

-   -   Generating scores in the 1.0-0.0 range that match desired        conventions.    -   The SliderWeight can be modulated along with the position of the        slider to control the magnitude the attribute value contributes        to the score.    -   A SliderWeight of 0.0 generates a uniform 1.0 score for all        attribute values, which is ideal for a centered slider.    -   The negation of a slider weight inverts the scores in a        symmetrical way. That is, the score order produced by a        SliderWeight of 1.0 will be exactly reversed with a SliderWeight        of −1.0. The score deltas in both lists will be symmetric.        Combining Multiple Sliders

If multiple sliders are in effect simultaneously, they may be combinedto form a single score. In one embodiment, the average of all sliderscores for which the SliderWeight is not 0.0 is taken (if all slidersare weighted 0.0, the slider score is set to 1.0). In somecircumstances, a weighted average of the slider scores or othertechniques to balance the contribution of unequal sliders may also beused. However, this approach should not be necessary if the attributescores are well balanced across different types of sliders.

Sequence Rules

Sequence rules are used to score a candidate track for bucket selectionagainst the current sequence. In one embodiment, sequence rules generatescores according to the following conventions:

TABLE 4 An Embodiment of Sequence Rules Scoring Score Semantic < −1.0Disqualifies track for playback > = −1.0 and < 0.0 Technically eligiblefor playback, although suboptimal to the degree of the negative score.0.0 Track is fully eligible for playback. Nothing in the sequencehistory discourages the track from being played > 0.0 Not typically usedfor Sequence Scores. May indicate a HeavyRotation track that is overduefor playback.

Recall that the Clock may be configured to skip a Bucket if the besttrack scores<=0.0. By convention, the best possible Bucket/Slider fit is1.0, so the sequence score must be greater than −1.0 to render anotherwise perfect track playable.

Artist Sequence Rules

Artist Sequence Rules can be configured to typically generate a 0.0 or−1.0 score. The default Artist Sequence rule is parameterized by thenumber of times an Artist can appear in a sub-sequence, and the size ofthe sub-sequence to check. If the artist associated with the track beingscored appears more than the given number of times in the interval, therule returns −1.0. Otherwise the Artist Sequence Rule returns 0.0.Intervals may be specified in terms of time or number of tracks. Numberof tracks is generally preferred for simplicity of implementation andbetter overall functionality (i.e. the device won't play an artistback-to-back regardless of how much time elapses between tracks).However, time based rules may be required to implement the sequencingrules specified by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) or byother statutory or regulatory content playback requirements.

Album Sequence Rules

Album Sequence rules are analogous to Artist Sequence Rules, except itis the Album associated with the track that is checked against thesequence. Album Sequence Rules are not typically used except inenforcement of DMCA rules or other statutory or regulatory requirements.

Track Sequence Rules

Track Sequence Rules are used to ensure that a track is not repeated toofrequently. The term “rest” is used herein to denote the number ofintervening tracks that are played between plays of a given track. EachBucket has the notion of minimum rest and target rest. Minimum rest isthe minimum number of tracks that must be played between plays of atrack. Target rest is the ideal number of tracks that must be playedbetween repetitions.

By convention, when a track has less than the minimum rest, its TrackSequence Score is less than −1.0. When a track reaches minimum rest, itsTrack Sequence Score is −1.0. As a track approaches target rest, itsscore moves towards 0.0. In typical embodiments it is desirable toheavily discourage the playing of tracks with less than minimum rest.Between minimum rest and target rest, there is a trade-off betweenoptimal rest and best fitting track. Beyond target rest, the influenceof the sequence score should wane, but there should still be adifferentiation between played and unplayed tracks.

In an exemplary embodiment, to model this intended behavior, anexponential decay function may be used to decay the sequence scorepenalty towards zero. Exponential decay is a function where the rate ofdecay of a quantity is proportional to the amount of the quantityremaining For a quantity N and decay constant 2, we have:

$\frac{\mathbb{d}N}{\mathbb{d}t} = {{- \lambda}\; N}$The solution to this differential equation is the generalized functionfor exponential decay at time t where N₀ is the initial quantity.N(t)=N ₀ e ^(−λt)

It is desirable to choose N₀ and decay constant λ such thatN(T_(Minimum Rest)))=−1.0 and N(T_(Target Rest)) noise floor. The noisefloor represents a score low enough that the random noise added to thescores to induce variety will dominate over the influence of additionalrest. An exemplary approach begins by calculating how many half-livesare required between T_(Minimum Rest) and T_(Target Rest):n _(half-lives)=−log₂(|noise_floor|)For example, if the noise floor is −0.0625, we need 4 half-lives todecay the score from −1.0 to −0.0625. The size of a half-life in numberof tracks is can be determined as follows:t _(1/2)=(T _(Target Rest) −T _(Minimum Rest))/n _(half-lives)Half-life is related to as follows:

$t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln(2)}{\lambda}$Re-arranging for λ:

$\lambda = \frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}$Substituting into the above we have:

$\lambda = \frac{\ln(2)}{\left( {T_{TargetRest} - T_{MinimumRest}} \right)/{- {\log_{2}\left( {{noise\_ floor}} \right)}}}$N₀ can then be determined as the initial score that will decay to −1.0at T_(Minimum Rest)N ₀=−1.0·2^(T) ^(Minimum Rest) ^(/t) ^(1/2)FIG. 19 shows a graph 1900 of sequence score as a function of track restfor one embodiment under the following conditions: Target Rest is 300,Minimum Rest is 150, Noise floor is 0.0125.

Having determined the values of N₀ and based on constants from the tracksequence rules associated with the bucket, track sequence scores foreach track can be calculated. If the track has not been played, thetrack sequence score is 0.0. If the track has been played, the number oftracks since the last play can be counted and used as ‘t’ in the tracksequence scoring formula:N(t)=N ₀ e ^(−λt)

To ensure maintaining differentiation between played and unplayedtracks, a minimum sequence penalty for played tracks can optionally beintroduced and used as a ceiling for sequence scores of played tracks.TrackSequenceScore=MIN(MinimumPenalty,N(t))In a typical embodiment, MinimumPenalty is preferably a function ofMaxNoise; for example it can be set to MaxNoise/2.0. This ensures thatthe penalty of a played track, no matter the rest, is not washed out bythe noise used to randomize the system. A particularly efficient way ofcomputing rest for a track may be to keep a global variable that isincremented with each track played on the device. When a track isplayed, the value of the variable is recorded in the track header. Thusthe rest is the difference between the current value and the valuestored in the track.Combined Scoring

The Fit, Slider, and Sequence scores are typically combined to generatea score that ranks the tracks in the Bucket for playback priority.Different combining rules may be applied. In an exemplary embodiment,for playback, different scoring may be used to rank the tracks forRuleBuckets and SongBuckets.For RuleBuckets:PlaybackScore=((FitScore+SliderScore)/2)+SequenceScore+NoiseFor SongBuckets: PlaybackScore=SliderScore+SequenceScore+NoiseThat is, the FitScore and the SliderScore for Buckets are averaged tocalculate fit, then the SequenceScore and Noise are added.

By convention, SongBuckets have no FitScore; all songs assigned to theBucket are assumed equally fitting. That is, the Bucket fit is a Booleanor filtering function. For these buckets, the SliderScores are used todetermine playback fit and add the SequenceScore and Noise.

For an exemplary embodiment, the main conventions for combined scoresare as follows:

-   -   1. The combined score must be greater than 0.0 for the track to        be eligible for play. If all tracks in the Bucket score<=0, the        Bucket will be skipped.    -   2. Fit and Slider scores are combined to form a 0.0-1.0 score        that reflects the relevancy of the content to the desired        content programming for the Bucket. 1.0 is perfect fit, 0.0 is        no fit.    -   3. Sequence scores are used to enforce repetition and other        ordering rules. A sequence score of −1.0 or lower is used to        make a track ineligible for play.    -   4. Noise is added to the combined score. Noise is a random value        between +/−MaxNoise/2.0. MaxNoise is a tunable system parameter,        and represents the significance of score deltas. That is, a        track that scores MaxNoise better than another track will always        be selected ahead of the other track. However, tracks that score        within MaxNoise of each other may be selected in either order        (with a probability determined by the delta and the random        distribution).

Detailed Inventory Management Processing

As described herein, Inventory Management processing concerns theimplementation of the Add Track, Save, and Ban processing states shownin the state diagrams. In certain embodiments, Effective InventoryManagement may be crucial to optimal operation, particularly with lowerstorage capacity devices. It may be less of an issue for higher capacitydevices with large amounts of storage. However, limitations on theamount of content that may be cached (for example, as dictated by recordlabel agreements) may make inventory management important for all devicesizes.

The goal of inventory management is to optimize the storage utilizationof the device for the stations in use. FIG. 20 illustrates a chart 2000of Inventory Pools for a representative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 20,device inventory can be categorized as follows:

-   -   Service Content is the storage pool for files added by the        service through either the unidirectional or bidirectional        links.    -   ‘Favorites’ is the storage pool for files from the service that        have been ‘saved’ by the user.    -   User Content is the storage pool dedicated to storing files        explicitly transferred to the device from the user's personal        collection, such as user owned MP3 or other media files.    -   Unused is the unused storage available on the device.        Managing Service Content Inventory Concepts

In typical embodiments, Favorites and User Content are consideredseparate storage pools, because once the user saves a favorite or loadstheir own content the storage is deemed largely untouchable. That is,only the user can free this storage by explicitly removing items. TheService Content pool, on the other hand, is dedicated to providing thebest possible enhanced radio experience and must optimize its use ofstorage autonomously. Basic concepts behind the managing of the serviceinventory are as follows:

-   -   1. The service storage pool will grow to the capacity of the        device (for smaller capacity devices) or a fixed upper limit        (for larger capacity devices).    -   2. Add Track processing from the connections fills the pool        towards its upper limit (high water).    -   3. When enough tracks have been added to reach Inventory “high        water” the worst tracks can be removed until inventory “low        water” is reached.        Add Tracks Processing

Attention is now directed to FIG. 21, which is a flowchart 2100depicting an embodiment of an Add Tracks process in accordance withaspects of the invention. In summary, an incoming track is ‘offered’ toeach station on the device, which in turn offers the track to each ofits buckets. If the station is programmed using only SongBuckets, it maybe possible to route the track directly to the station/buckets to whichthe track is targeted as an optimization. Stations that containRuleBuckets must score the track against their rules to determine if thetrack fits or not. In a typical embodiment, there are 3 possible resultsof offering a track to a Bucket:

-   -   1. The Bucket does not want the track        -   a. The Bucket already has this exact same track        -   b. The track does not meet the Bucket's criteria    -   2. The Bucket has added the track (growing in size to do so).    -   3. The Bucket has added the track by replacing one of its        existing tracks:        -   a. The Bucket replaced an older version of the same track        -   b. The Bucket replaced a different track with this track

If some Bucket on some station adds the incoming track, the media filemay then be stored on the device. If no Bucket on any station adds thetrack, the media file is discarded. In a typical embodiment, the devicemonitors available storage space using a high and low water mark model.Once storage usage reaches the high water mark, an operation to cullinventory is undertaken to bring storage utilization back down to thelow water mark.

Eviction

HeavyRotation buckets typically contain the most popular and frequentlyplayed songs on standard stations. The bucket has a fixed maximum sizethat, combined with the significant station duty cycle, may yield afairly high rate of individual song repetition. When new tracks arereceived into a full HeavyRotation bucket, old tracks must be removedfrom the bucket to make room for the newer tracks. Since the displacedtrack is still potentially very valuable to the station, the station canbe programmed to allow tracks ‘evicted’ from one bucket to beautomatically assigned to a new bucket. If no eviction bucket isspecified, the evicted track is removed (providing no other stationshold references).

In more detail, process 2100 may begin with an add track start stage2110 based on reception of a new track. Execution may then proceed to abanned selection stage 2115 where an assessment is made as to whetherthe particular track or artist has been banned. If the track or artisthas been banned, execution of the process is terminated at stage 2118with the track being discarded. If the track or artist is not banned, astation may next be selected for examination at stage 2120, with thenext available bucket examined at stage 2125. The bucket fit score ofthe track may be examined at stage 2130, and the score tested at stage2135. If the score is less than zero, execution returns to the nextbucket stage 2125. Alternately, if the score is greater than zero thetrack header may be added to the bucket at stage 2140, and tested to seeif it replaces an earlier version of the header at stage 2142.

If there is an earlier version in the bucket, it will be removed atstage 2150 with execution proceeding to stage 2160. If not, the bucketmay be tested for fullness at stage 2144 and, if full, executionproceeds to stage 2160. Finally, at stage 2146 if the bucket is not fulland the bucket has an eviction bucket, the worst track header will bemoved to the eviction bucket at stage 2152, with execution returned tostage 2160. If there is no eviction bucket execution proceeds from stage2146 to stage 2154, where the worst track header is removed andexecution proceeds to stage 2160.

At this point, a test is made at stage 2160 to determine if more bucketsneed to be tested. If so, execution proceeds to stage 2125. If no morebuckets need to be tested for the current station, a test is made atstage 2170 to determine if additional stations need to be tested. If so,execution returns to stage 2120 to test the next station. Alternately, atest is made at stage 2172 to determine if any bucket wants the trackand if not, the track is discarded at stage 2180. At stage 2173 a testis performed to determine if the service inventory has exceeded thecapacity (or high water mark). If it has, the inventory may be culled atstage 2176 (an implementation of a cull inventory stage is further shownstarting at stage 2210 as shown in FIG. 22). If capacity (i.e. highwater) has not been exceeded, the track will be kept/added to inventoryat stage 2182.

Inventory Culling

Attention is now directed to FIG. 22, which is a flowchart 2200depicting one embodiment of an Inventory Culling process in accordancewith aspects of the invention. In accordance with this embodiment, oncethe service pool reaches high water, an inventory culling process may beemployed to remove the ‘worst’ tracks and bring the inventory levelsdown to a desired low water' mark. This process may be used to aid inensuring that there is always free storage to handle the next ‘AddTrack’ event. Other reallocation of device storage may also beimplemented through Inventory Culling. For example, to free up space foradditional user content to be transferred onto the device, the servicepool allocation may be adjusted by changing the high and low watermarks. Inventory culling then removes the tracks to free up the requiredspace. Other operational situations may also employ the inventoryculling process.

In summary, in process 2200 a scan traverses all stations and bucketsand scores each track based on an estimate of the eventual order ofplayback. If a track appears in more than one bucket, the largest of itsscores may be assigned to the track. Note that since the score indicatesthe predicted next time the track will play, it is possible to manageinventory by removing all tracks with a score greater than a calculatedthreshold. The calculation should take into account the repetition oftracks in HeavyRotation buckets as well as tracks that appear inmultiple buckets. This approach may be slightly more efficient (i.e. aheap is not required), but is less flexible in regard to the scoringalgorithm.

Process 2200 is further described below, with additional details relatedto specific aspects further described following the overall processdescription. The process may begin at an inventory cull start stage2210, with execution proceeding to a calculate duty cycles stage 2215.The current score for all files may initially be set at the lowestpossible score at stage 2220, with each station successively examined,starting at stage 2225. For each station the buckets in the station areexamined at stage 2230, with the headers in the examined bucket examinedat stage 2235. The inventory score for the header being examined isdetermined at stage 2240. If the determined score is greater than thefile's current score, the current score is assigned to the file at stage2248. If not (i.e. if the current is less than or equal to the filecurrent score) the file current score is retained with executionproceeding to stage 2250. Each header within the bucket are thenexamined based on a test at stage 2250, each bucket in the station areexamined based on the test at stage 2255, and each station is examinedbased on a test at stage 2260. Once all stations and their respectivebuckets and headers have been tested, based on reaching the end of thestations at stage 2260, a delete tracks stage 2270 (an implementation ofthis stage is further shown starting at stage 2410 as shown in FIG. 24)may then be employed.

Additional details of aspects of inventory management are furtherdescribed below.

Scoring Tracks for Deletion

As noted above, in a typical embodiment, the overall strategy forInventory Management is to rank each track according to its likely orderof playback on the device. The tracks that are more likely to be playedsooner are kept and the tracks that are likely to be played later aredeleted. To score tracks, each track may be ranked in a bucket accordingto its probable play order within that bucket. Duty cycle is thenaccounted for with respect to both the bucket within the station and thestation within the player to achieve a score that ranks all trackswithin the device. The worst tracks can then be deleted until inventorylevels are within a desired range. In an exemplary embodiment, the firststep in this process is to calculate a forward-looking duty cycle foreach station.

Calculating Station Duty Cycles

The available inventory for the device may be managed according to thepredicted “duty cycle” for each station. Duty cycle for a stationrepresents the percentage of total device plays attributed to thestation. A goal is to calculate a forward-looking duty cycle for eachstation. The forward-looking duty cycle must adapt to changing patternsof usage. For example, if a user starts listening to a new station, theforward looking duty cycle for that station should increase upwards evenif the actual duty cycle of the station over the life of the device isquite low. Put another way, the duty cycle should be adapted based on aweighted average of recent and longer term observations; simplymeasuring the long term observed duty cycles of each station creates asystem that fails to adapt quickly to new patterns, whereas a systembased entirely on short-term observations neglects the informationprovided by the device's longer term history.

In an exemplary embodiment, an adaptive strategy that varies the rate ofadaptation based on the delta between short term and longer-termobservations is employed. The goal is for the duty-cycle of a newstation to increase relatively rapidly based on short-term observations,at the same time taking into consideration an extended number ofobservations to completely overcome the longer-term usage patterns ofthe device. In addition, a tunable constant may be required to allow therate of adaptation to be controlled.

One such approach is to use an exponential decay function on the deltabetween the short-term and long-term observations. As noted previously,exponential decay is a function where the rate of decay of a quantity isproportional to the amount of the quantity remaining. For a quantity Nand decay constant 2, we have:

$\frac{\mathbb{d}N}{\mathbb{d}t} = {{- \lambda}\; N}$Integrating produces the generalized function for exponential decay attime t where No is the initial quantity.N(t)=N ₀ e ^(−λt)Applying this technique to short and long term duty cycles we havec _(t+1)=(o _(t+1) −c _(t))λ+c _(t)Where c_(t+1) is the adapted duty cycle at time t+1, o_(t+1) is theobserved duty cycle at time t+1 and c_(t) is the adapted duty cycle attime t.

FIG. 23 shows a graph 2300 illustrating the general shape of the dutycycle adaptation starting with 4 equally played stations. At t0 (starttime), the Rock station begins getting 100% of observed play events.Halfway through the displayed time interval, the Pop station beginsgetting 100% of observed play events. The value of λ chosen (here it is0.05) controls the rate of adaptation.

Duty Cycle Renormalization

While short-term observations may provide a good predictor of futureduty cycle, it may also be desirable to ensure that any stationsupported by the device is playable with a minimum allocation ofinventory. To achieve this without disrupting the overall strategy ofusing duty cycle as the guide to inventory allocation, a minimum“baseline” duty cycle floor for all stations in the device may be set.The baseline duty cycle ensures that inactive stations get at leastT_(s min) tracks where T_(total) represents the total number of tracksin the service.C _(baseline) =T _(s min) /T _(total)To calculate the “normalized” duty cycles for active stations (thosewith predicted duty cycles>0), the calculation is started by allocatinga duty cycle of c_(baseline) to all stations (active and inactive). Theresidual duty cycle available for allocation to the active stations isthen:c _(residual)=1.0−(c _(baseline) ·n _(stations))Then, the residual duty cycle may be allocated to the active stations inproportion to the predicted duty cycle of each station:C _(i) ′=c _(baseline)(c _(i) ·c _(residual))A cap T_(s max) on the number of tracks in a station may also beestablished, beyond which the extra inventory for a station providesnegligible benefit. After ensuring that the duty cycle accounts forbaseline inventory for all stations, we can re-apportion the excess fromstations that exceed the cap. The duty cycle cap for any station is:c _(max) =T _(s max) /T _(Total)The duty cycle may be set to c_(max) for any station with a duty cyclegreater than c_(max). For u₀ . . . u_(m−1) representing the duty cyclesbelow the cap we have:u _(i) ′=u _(i)+(c _(max) /m)That is, the inventory excess is distributed equally among the mstations that are below the cap. The rationale is that additionalinventory will have a larger positive impact on smaller stations (thereason for a cap), but these stations have less likelihood of beingplayed. It may be assumed that factors cancel, therefore opt for an evenreallocation. This technique can result in duty cycles greater thanc_(max); a station just below c_(max) gets an allocation of excessinventory that could push it over c_(max).Ranking of Tracks in Buckets

As described above, it may be preferable that each Bucket ranks itstracks in the likely order that the tracks will be played as part of theinventory management process. By convention, algorithms used for rankingthe tracks versus the bucket vary based on the bucket type.

Heavy Rotation Buckets

HeavyRotation Buckets are buckets of fixed maximum size to achieve adesirable repetition rate. HeavyRotation buckets may be ranked forinventory management by fit/slider score first and secondarily byprogramming date. Because HeavyRotation buckets are small in comparisonto their duty cycle, they tend to stay mostly in inventory.

Library Buckets and Medium Rotation Buckets

For larger buckets (>10 tracks, target rest>100), the sequence scorebecomes more important in determining the value of the track to thebucket. However, there is a tradeoff between bucket fit and the sequencepenalty associated with repetition.

Slider settings dynamically affect this relationship. A distinction canbe made between saved/locked slider settings and those used totemporarily tweak playback order. In the former case, the station isdesirably optimized for the particular slider settings by favoringinventory that matches the sliders. In the latter case, the slidersettings apply to playback only, and do not affect the ranking of trackswithin the bucket for inventory purposes. In the latter case we assumethe sliders may well be in a different position in the future, so theyare irrelevant for ranking deep into the bucket.

For locked sliders, a combination of slider score and bucket fit score(for RuleBuckets) may be used to determine the fit component of theinventory score:For RuleBuckets:InventoryScore=((FitScore+SliderScore)/2)+InventorySequenceScoreFor SongBuckets: InventoryScore=SliderScore+InventorySequenceScore

The calculation of a sequence score may be based on estimating what thesequence score might be when the track is played. In an exemplaryembodiment, the sequence penalty associated with a track in relationshipto the fit score may be discounted. The same sequence scoring algorithmsthat are used for playback may be used, but they can be calculated for afuture time/track interval. Here t′ represents the number of tracks intothe future to calculate the sequence penalty. Nbucket is the number oftracks in the bucket.

$t^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {n_{bucket}/2} \right)}{\left( {c_{bucket} \cdot c_{station}} \right)}$For time-based rules (e.g., rules resulting from the requirements of theDMCA concerning the maximum number of times tracks for a given artistcan be played in a given time period), t′ can be multiplied by averagetrack length. The inventory sequence score is then calculated at t′:InventorySequenceScore=sequenceScore(t′)The sequence score should have a maximum value of slightly less thanzero for tracks that have been played, but are well rested, and auniform value of 0.0 for tracks that have not been played.

As an example, the sequence score for a track that has recently beenplayed will be a large negative number as a consequence of the minimumand target rest factors discussed above. If in this example the value oft′ is “40,” minimum rest is “30” and target rest is “50,” the discountedsequence score will be between −1.0 and 0.0 according to the applicableequations set forth previously. The actual scores are −55.7 after beingplayed (rest=1), and −0.25 with the t′ discount.

Calculating the Score

The bucket rank may then be combined with bucket duty cycle and stationduty cycle to obtain a score that represents an estimate of an overalltrack playback order for the device. If r represents the rank of thetrack in the bucket (1 . . . n), let C_(station) represent the predictedduty cycle of the station as described above, and let C_(bucket)represent the duty cycle of the bucket with respect to the station, thatis, the number of times the bucket appears in the clock divided by thenumber of slots in the clock, this results in:score=(r−0.5)/(c _(station) ·c _(bucket))Deleting Tracks

Attention is now directed to FIG. 24, which is a flowchart 2400depicting one embodiment of a Track Deletion process in accordance withaspects of the invention. In general, after execution of an inventorycull pass through the stations (such as was previously described), the“worst” tracks are deleted from the device to free up storage space. Inorder to implement this, a process scanning all the files and theirscores to accumulate a list of the at least N worst tracks, where:N*averageTrackSize>currentInventorySize−lowWatermarkSizemay be done. Since tracks may be scored by estimated play order, byconvention lower scores are better and higher scores are worse.

In an exemplary embodiment, a Min-Heap is used to efficiently accumulatethe worst tracks. The process deletes each of the files in the Heap inworst to best order until the desired low water mark is achieved. Notethat since the score indicates the predicted next time the track willplay, inventory can conceivably be managed by removing all tracks with ascore greater than a calculated threshold. The calculation must takeinto account the repetition of tracks in HeavyRotation buckets as wellas tracks that appear in multiple buckets. This method may be slightlymore efficient (i.e. a heap is not required), but is less flexible inregard to the scoring algorithm. In the described embodiment, thisprocess may also be used to delete tracks that are no longer referencedby stations or playlists. As described previously, by convention a filewill have a “worst possible” score from the initialization phase if itis not referenced by any station.

More particularly, the track deletion process 2400 illustrated in FIG.24 may first begin at a start stage 2410, with execution proceeding to ascan playlists stage 2415 (details of an embodiment of a scan playlistsstage are further illustrated starting at stage 2510 as shown in FIG.25). A Min Heap sized at approximately the number of tracks to deletemay be created at stage 2420. Examination of tracks begins at stage2425. If the score is greater than the Heap Best Score, or the Heap isnot full, the track may be added to the Heap at stage 2435, withexecution proceeding to stage 2440. Alternately, the track is not addedand execution likewise proceeds to stage 2440 where a test is made ofwhether additional tracks need to be tested. If they do, executionreturns to stage 2425 for examination and testing of additional tracks.If no tracks remain to be tested at stage 2440, execution proceeds tostage 2450 where the heap is reverse sorted. A loop is then performedwhere the next track is deleted at stage 2460, the heap end of space istested against the low water mark, and if it is greater than or equal tothe low water mark execution returns to stage 2460 where an additionaltrack is deleted and the process repeated. Once the heap end of space isbelow the low water mark the process may be completed at stage 2480.

If the user interface of a particular embodiment supports adding tracksfrom the service to user defined playlists, an additional pass isrequired to score the tracks that are referenced by playlists, but nolonger referenced by stations. Each of these tracks can be given a “bestpossible” score to ensure that they are not removed.

An embodiment 2500 of a Scan Playlist process is illustrated by theflowchart of FIG. 25. The process of scanning files may begin with ascan playlists start stage 2510, with execution proceeding to asuccessive looped examination of playlists at stage 2520 and associatedheaders at stage 2530. A Score is assigned initially to the file atstage 2540 equal to the favorites score. The Score is tested at stage2544 to determine if it exceeds the File Current Score. If it does, theCurrent Score is set to Score at stage 2548 and execution is transferredto stage 2550. If Score does not exceed the File Current Score at stage2544, execution is transferred to stage 2550 without any further action.Once execution of the loops of stage 2550 and 2560 are finished theprocess may be completed at stage 2570.

Saving Favorites Processing

Attention is now directed to FIG. 26, which shows a flowchart 2600illustrating a Saving Favorites process consistent with aspects of theinvention. In a typical embodiment, the operation of saving favorites oradding tracks from the service into user-defined playlists essentiallymoves the track from one storage pool to another. Although these tracksare still part of the station inventory and still contribute to thestation, this distinction is made because the tracks are protected sothat they can no longer be removed from the system without the userexplicitly doing so. Removal of a track from the service inventory poolcan be thought of as essentially removing a re-usable slot. Constraintsshould be checked and enforced to ensure that the service cannot besubstantially degraded by saving favorites.

As shown in FIG. 26, a save track (saving favorites) process may beginwith a start stage 2610. This may be initiated by, for example, a userinput based on a desire to save the track. The track may then be testedat stage 2620 to determine whether it is saveable. If it is not, a can'tsave dialog may be executed at stage 2625, along with a display notallowed error or other indication provided at stage 2638. Assuming atrack is saveable, it may then be tested at stage 2630 to determine ifthe user is allowed to save the track. If not, a similar series of notallowed and error displays may be executed at stages 2635 and 2638respectively. Assuming the track is not prohibited from saving,inventory constraints may be checked/determined at stage 2640 (detailsof inventory constraints checking are further described and illustratedbelow with respect to FIG. 27). Based on this information, devicefullness may be tested at stage 2560. If the device is full, dialogstage 2654 and error stage 2658 may be executed. If, instead, the deviceis not full but close to capacity as determined by device almost fullstage 2660, a device nearly full warning stage 2665 may be executed.Finally, if the device has sufficient capacity for storage, the trackmay be added to the station favorites playlist at stage 2670, the headermay be marked as a favorite at stage 2672, the service pool size may bedecremented accordingly at stage 2674, the favorites pool size may beincremented at stage 2676, and the save track process completed at stage2680.

Checking Inventory Constraints

Checking inventory constraints is the process of determining if there isenough space left in the service to accommodate a reallocation ofstorage. In typical embodiments, the minimum space required to operatethe service may be defined in terms of a few tunable and derivedparameters as set forth in FIG. 27. In general, the service inventoryconstraint is defined in terms of the constant A_(min): the minimumnumber of tracks needed to support the active stations. Since usersdivide their listening time between one or more stations, A_(min) couldbe described as the number of tracks needed to support a single stationthat gets 100% of the listening time.

In addition to tracks for the active stations, the service pool needs toreserve a minimum number of tracks for each inactive station thatrenders the station listenable as it transitions from an inactivestation to an active station. This constant is denoted as T_(s min).Thus the minimum size of the services pool is:T _(min) =A _(min)+(T _(s min)*inactive stations)However, this is the minimum size of the services pool at low water.Space should also be reserved to account for the difference between lowwater and high water.Thus the device is full whenT _(Total) −T _(float) ≦T _(min)A device full warning message may be issued when the device approachesthis threshold:T _(Total) −T _(float) ≦T _(min) +T _(warn)As noted above, when saving favorites or saving service tracks into userdefined playlists, the service pool is decremented by one track.Therefore, the above constraints for T_(total)−1 should be checkedbefore allowing the operation.Shrinking the Services Pool

In a typical embodiment, the services pool is designed to grow to thedevice capacity or some preconfigured maximum for large capacitydevices. To free excess services storage for other purposes, the highand low water marks may be adjusted, and an inventory cull may beperformed. To free N bytes of space:W _(low) ′=W _(low) −NThe number of tracks removed is approximately:(W _(low) −W _(low) ′/t _(size)The operation can be allowed if:T _(total) −T _(float)−((W _(low) −W _(low)′)/t _(size))≧T _(min)Banning Tracks Processing

Referring now to FIG. 28, a flowchart 2800 of an embodiment of a BanTracks process consistent with aspects of the invention is shown. Intypical embodiments banning of tracks or artists is accomplished bymarking the Headers of the tracks as being banned. In addition, thebanned track may be added to a Banned Track List and the banned artistmay be added to a Banned Artist List.

As shown in FIG. 28, a ban track process may begin at a start stage2810, with execution proceeding to a test stage 2820 where artist/trackban-ability is tested. If the artist or track is not ban-able, a notban-able dialog stage 2825 may be executed, followed by completion ofthe process at stage 2840. Likewise, a test may be applied at stage 2830to determine whether the user is allowed to ban the particular track. Ifnot, a similar not allowed dialog stage 2835 may be executed, and theprocess completed at stage 2840. Alternately, if the track or artist isban-able, a test of track or artist ban may be done at stage 2850 (todetermine whether ban applies to the single track or all of the artist'stracks). As a consequence, the track/artist may be added to a bannedtrack/artist list at stages 2860 or 2870 respectively, and the bannedattribute set in the track header or all headers with the artistID atstages 2865 or 2875 respectively. Finally, a skip stage 2810, such aswas described previously starting with stage 1110 of FIG. 11, may beexecuted.

In alternate embodiments, banning based on other criteria can beimplemented in a similar or analogous fashion. Tracks that are marked asbanned may be given ‘worst possible’ rankings in their buckets whenscoring tracks for inventory culling, and thus will be deleted on thenext inventory cull cycle.

The banned lists may also be consulted for other functions, such as whenan incoming track is received so that banned artists or tracks are notre-added to device memory.

Updating Metadata

In typical embodiments, both bidirectional and unidirectionalconnections can provide updated metadata and media files for tracks. Theconnection may send metadata only (i.e. the Header) or may send anupdated Header+Media File combination. While in future implementationsit may be desirable to optimize the handling of Metadata updates, it isenvisioned that the simplest way of handling Metadata updates is toprocess the updated Header with an Add Track process, such as process2100 as illustrated in FIG. 21. Processing metadata updates via the AddTrack process requires that all Buckets offered the Header scan theirinventory for a reference to a previous version of the Header (asdefined by having equivalent Performance Ids) even if they don't wantthe track. If the Bucket doesn't want the new version of the track, butholds a reference to the old version, the Bucket must remove the oldversion (possibly triggering the removal of the associated media file ifthis was the last reference). If the Bucket still wants the track, theold header must be replaced with the new one (if the media file is notupdated, the new header must be pointed at the old media file; if themedia file is updated, the old media file and header must be removed atthe end of the update operation).

Adding New Stations

In typical embodiments, when the device is connected via a bidirectionalconnection the user will have the opportunity to add niche or customstations that are only reasonable to populate across this connectiontype. When adding a new station, the inventory must be adjusted toaccommodate the new station. The device must have room for at least anadditional T_(s min) tracks. If this is not the case, the user may beprompted to facilitate making room for additional stations by removingstations, favorites, or media files (i.e. mp3s, etc.).

In a typical embodiment a new station should receive a default initialduty cycle above and beyond the baseline, and predicted duty cyclesshould be re-calculated. (it is assumed that the user will listen to thenewly added station). As tracks are added across the bidirectionalconnection and the high water mark is reached, inventory is freedaccording to the predicted duty cycles. See, for example, the processfor culling inventory as is shown in process 2200 illustrated in FIG.22.

Detailed Connections Processing

Adding Tracks from Unidirectional Connections

In typical embodiments, as tracks are received from a unidirectionalconnection (i.e. a broadcast type connection), they are added toinventory using Add Tracks processing as is, for example, described inprocess 2100 shown in FIG. 21.

Wireless (Bidirectional) Update

Station Refresh

In typical embodiments, when the device has a bidirectional connectionto the broadcasting services/content management system, the device willattempt to obtain updates only for its active stations in priorityorder. Thus, the device can request targeted updates and utilize theconnection only for tracks known to be of interest to the device. Toobtain targeted updates, the device first re-calculates its predictedduty cycles as described above. The stations that have the largestnegative delta between actual and predicted/allocated inventory are thefirst priority for update. The current inventory of the player relativeto a station may be transmitted to the server along with the targetinventory level for that station based on device capacity and predictedduty cycle. The server can then reply with an update to the station thatmay include the following information, as well as other information:

-   -   1. An updated Clock if the station definition has been changed        on the server side.    -   2. Updated Headers for tracks currently on the device if        metadata for those Headers has changed.    -   3. A list of additional tracks to download in priority order.

In response, the device processes the reply message by updating thestation definition (if changed), and updating the Headers as indicated(see Updating Metadata above). The device then beginsreceiving/downloading each of the specified tracks in the orderspecified. Each track is ‘added’ to the player as if it where receivedon a unidirectional connection (this may be done to ensure that theplayer is consistent in the face of adds from both connection types,simplifies implementation, and handles the case where received tracksare targeted to multiple stations).

Rather than download all tracks to update a single station, it may bepreferable for the device to get updates for its otheractive/high-priority stations and download the highest priority tracksacross all the station updates to ensure that all active stations getsome updates before the connection terminates. Should the connectionpersist, all stations will have the opportunity to process theirupdates.

Some aspects of the present invention may be embodied in the form orcomputer software and/or computer hardware/software combinationsconfigured to implement one or more processes or functions of thepresent invention as described and illustrated herein. These embodimentsmay be in the form of modules implementing functionality in software,firmware, and/or hardware/software/firmware combinations. Embodimentsmay also take the form of a computer storage product with acomputer-readable medium having computer code thereon for performingvarious computer-implemented operations, such as operations related tofunctionality as describe herein, on one or more computer processors.The media and computer code may be those specially designed andconstructed for the purposes of the present invention, or they may be ofthe kind well known and available to those having skill in the computersoftware arts, or they may be a combination of both.

Examples of computer-readable media within the spirit and scope of thepresent invention include, but are not limited to: magnetic media suchas hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such asCD-ROMs, DVDs and holographic devices; magneto-optical media; andhardware devices that are specially configured to store and executeprogram code and/or data, such as application-specific integratedcircuits (“ASICs”), programmable logic devices (“PLDs”) ROM and RAMdevices, Flash devices, and the like. Examples of computer code mayinclude machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and filescontaining higher-level code that are executed by a computer using aninterpreter. Computer code may be comprised of one or more modulesexecuting a particular process or processes to provide useful results,and the modules may communicate with one another via means known in theart. For example, some embodiments of the invention may be implementedusing Java, C#, C++, or other programming languages and softwaredevelopment tools as are known in the art. Other embodiments of theinvention may be implemented in hardwired circuitry in place of, or incombination with, machine-executable software instructions.

The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specificnomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the invention.However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that specificdetails are not required in order to practice the invention. Thus, theforegoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the invention arepresented for purposes of illustration and description. They are notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formsdisclosed; obviously, many modifications and variations are possible inview of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and describedin order to best explain the principles of the invention and itspractical applications, they thereby enable others skilled in the art tobest utilize the invention and various embodiments with variousmodifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It isintended that the following claims and their equivalents define thescope of the invention.

We claim:
 1. A device for personalized rendering of media content,comprising: a receiver capable of receiving, over a data link, mediafiles and file metadata defining attributes of the media files; memorydisposed to store ones of the media files characterized by file metadataconsistent with one or more channel profiles; and a processoroperatively coupled to the memory, wherein the processor executesinstructions stored in the memory to: automatically store certain of theones of the media files stored within the memory consistent with certainones of the channel profiles, automatically remove certain of the onesof the media files stored within the memory, and automatically sequencethe ones of the media files stored within the memory for rendering basedupon one or more of the channel profiles.
 2. The device of claim 1wherein the removal of the media files is triggered by a storageutilization profile of the device reaching pre-configured thresholds. 3.The device of claim 2 wherein the removal of the media files isresponsive to an inverse of an anticipated playback order ofsubstantially all of the media files stored on the device.
 4. The deviceof claim 2 wherein the removal of the media files is responsive to ananticipated percent of total device playback allocated to a channel orcategory associated with the media files.
 5. The device of claim 2wherein a predetermined anticipated rendering sequence of a channel orcategory is periodically adapted based on observations of actual contentrendered.
 6. A digital media rendering device, comprising: a transceiverconfigured to send, over a data link, one or more channel profiles to aremote computer having access to the data link and to receive, over thedata link, media files and file metadata based upon the channelprofiles; a memory; and a processor operatively coupled to the memory,wherein the processor executes instructions stored in the memory to:automatically store within the memory ones of the media files consistentwith certain ones of the channel profiles, automatically delete certainof the ones of the media files stored within the memory, andautomatically sequence certain of the ones of the media files storedwithin the memory for playback based upon a selected one of the channelprofiles.
 7. The device of claim 6 wherein the instructions toautomatically delete are triggered by a storage utilization profile ofthe device reaching a pre-configured threshold.
 8. The device of claim 6wherein the instructions further include instructions to adapt apredetermined anticipated rendering sequence of a channel or categorybased on observations of actual content rendered.
 9. A computer readablemedia including instructions for execution by a processor in a digitalmedia rendering device, the instructions comprising instructions forcausing the processor to: receive at the device, over a data link, mediafiles and file metadata, wherein the file metadata defines attributes ofthe media files; store, in a memory of the device, ones of the mediafiles characterized by file metadata consistent with one or more channelprofiles maintained within the memory of the device; and sequence theones of the media files for playback based upon one or more of thechannel profiles.